Training and Doping in sports class 11th physical education notes

Training and Doping in sports

Sports Training

• The word Training means the process of Prepration for some task. it is a process by which one gains practical and theoretical knowledge. It is a complex process which trains the players to get better at the sports competitions.
•  According to martin "sport training is a planned and controlled process of achieving goals in which the changes of motor performance and behaviour are made through measured of content, methods and organisation".

Principles Of Sports Training

Every sport person knows that their best performances come from their regular in training sessions.

1. Principle of continuity: In this, the training session should be in continues process so that the players make their movements more efficient and there should not be any break.
2. Principle of overload: It states that there should be great than normal load on the body for some time and adaptation is done for that level of overload so that it improves the fitness.
3. Principle of Individual differences: Every sport person is different due ti individual differences and their response to exercise will definitely different so the trainer modifies the training Programme on the basis of individual differences which leads to balanced training sessions.
4. Principle of specificity: In this the training load is given based on specific requirements of particular sports such as endurance training is required for long distance runners and yogi required more flexibility enhancing Programme.
5. Principle of warm up and cool down: Every sports person instruct to do warm up and cooling down exercises before and after the competitions so that the blood flows smoothly in working muscles.
6. Principle of Recovery: Rest is always required for the body to recover from exertion of training and adaptation takes place frequently.
7. Principle of Variance: Constant repetition of similar training may development the feelings of staleness so the training must be planned with different challenges so that they can play entertaining games in between their training.

Concept Of Doping: Doping In Sports 

Doping is the method and substance which is used for enhancing the performance of an athlete in general it is the use of performance enhancing substance by the athlete or sports person to gain an advantage over competations 

Classification Of Doping

Physical Method :- 

1. Blood Doping: It is the misuse of certain techniques to increase one’s red blood cells count which allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore increase stamina & performance.
   Procedure: Usually two units of athlete’s blood is taken some weeks prior to competition. Then the blood is frozen until one or two days before the competition and after that it is injected into the athlete.
2. Gene Doping: It is the manipulation of cells or genes to enhances the sports performance. Modifying genes enable faster reaction and increase physical strength. Gene therapy will speed up the repair of the injuries of muscles, tendons and ligaments etc.

Prohibited Substances

1. Anabolic Agents (Steroids): They are man-made substances related to male harmones which increases the strength and size of the muscles to enhance the performance of players. After taking this strength and size of the muscles to enhance the performance of players. After taking this steroids the player without feeling any fatigue can take training for hours. It is taken orally or by injection in muscles.
2. Stimulants: Stimulants are drugs that stimulate the central nervous system by increasing heart rates, blood pressure and body temperature. After taking this stimulants there will be more alertness and physical activity.
3. Cannabinoids: Cannabinoids are derived from cannabis plant. They develop a feeling of relaxation. Athletes use them to have speedy recovery after exercise.
4. Narcotics: It is used to reduce the pain from major injury. They could also be used to help an athlete train harder and for a longer period of time.
5. Beta 2-Agonists: It is commonly used to treat asthma as they relax the muscles that surround the airway and opening up the air passages. Athletes use to increase their muscle size & reduce body fat.
6. Diuretics: It is a substance which increases the production of urine in the kidneys, promoting the removal of salt & fluid from the body because it makes hard for the hearts to work properly.

Side Effects Of Prohibited Substances

1. Anabolic Steroid: They have arrange of side effects such ass damage to the cardiovascular system & liver, mental health problem (Depression & aggression), growth of hair on face of both men & women.
2. Beta 2-Agonists: if they used for log term, they cause excessive sweating, rapid heart beat, headaches and risk of cardiac arrest.
3. Diuretics: It deprive the body of large amounts of liquids & minerals that lead to mineral imbalance, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, muscle cramps and kidney damage.
4. Stimulants: Stimulants put pressure on the cardiovascular system. They increase anxiety, hypertension and overheating of the body.
5. Cannabinoids: It reduces the concentration, coordination and lung capacity which is bad for endurance events.
6. Narcotics: Excessive use of narcotics may cause sedation, loss of balance and coordination. There may be nausea. vomiting, constipation, fainting and coma.

By Girish Tomar

Physical Education

Shriji Baba Saraswati Vidya Mandir

Mathura